Today we will write Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes. Class 10th notes have been written in this blog, more details are given at the end of this blog.
Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Notes
Resource
- Resource:- It is technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable and can be termed a ‘Resource’.
- The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km.
These resources can be classified in the following ways –
On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic
- Biotic Resources – All living organisms in our environment are called biotic resources. For example trees animals insects etc.
- Abiotic Resources – All non-living things present in our environment are termed abiotic resources. For example – earth air water metals rocks etc.
On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable
- Renewable resources are those which cannot be depleted and could be reused. Examples of renewable resources include air, water, soil, solar energy, etc.
- Natural resources that are limited in quantity are referred to as non-renewable resources. Examples are coal, petroleum, etc.
On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international
- National Resources: All the resources which are under the control of the state or union government. For example all mineral resources, like water, land, forest, and wildlife.
- International Resources: These are international institutions that control all areas which do not belong to any individual country.
On the basis of the status of development – potential, developed stock, and reserves.
- Potential resources are the resources that are currently not fully utilized. We do have the technology to extract them but their extraction has not been started yet at a larger level. Reasons can be a lack of investment, for e.g., Rajasthan and Gujarat receive plenty of solar energy and have plenty of wind energy, but the use of these resources so far has not been developed properly.
- Developed resources are the resources of which the quality, as well as the quantity, has been surveyed and utilization has been determined. On the other hand, development is said to be based on technology as well as feasibility.
- Stock is the resource for which presently, we don’t have any technology to extract them. For e.g., Water consists of Hydrogen and Oxygen. Hydrogen is considered one of the sources of energy but we do not know the technology to extract energy from it.
- Reserve resources are those that we are not extracting at present in spite of technological availability. They are stored to meet the world’s future requirements.
LAND UTILISATION
Land resources are used for the following purposes:
- Forests
- Land not available for cultivation
- Barren and wasteland
- Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.
- Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
- Permanent pastures and grazing land,
- Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in the net sown area),
- Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
- Fallow lands
- Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),
- Other than the current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
- Net sown area The physical extent of land on which crops are sown and harvested is known as net sown area. Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.
Classification Of Soils
India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms, and vegetation types. These have contributed to the development of various types of soils.
- Alluvial Soils
- Black Soil
- Red and Yellow Soils
- Laterite Soil
- Arid Soils
- Forest Soils
Alluvial Soils
- This is the most widely spread and important soil.
- This is the most widely spread and important soil.
- These have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems – the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra.
- These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor.
- These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor.
- The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay
- classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).
- Bangar – Bangar is less fertile soil and it is an old alluvial soil.
- Khadar – Khadar is an alluvial soil that can be found all throughout the floodplains.
Black Soil
- These soils are black in color and are also known as regur soils.
- Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.
- Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.
- Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.
- The black soils are made up of extremely fine clayey material.
- they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime.
Red and Yellow Soils
- Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
- Yellow and red soils are also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain, and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.
Laterite Soil
- Laterite Soil The laterite soil develops under tropical and subtropical climates with alternate wet and dry seasons.
- This soil is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.
- Lateritic soils are mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH<6.0)
- Deficient in plant nutrients and occur mostly in southern states, the Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and the North-east regions
- In the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, this soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee.
- Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala are more suitable for crops like cashew nut.
Arid Soils
- Arid soils range from red to brown in color.
- They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
- In some areas, the salt content is very high, and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
- The dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture
- The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards.
- The Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water.
- After proper irrigation, these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of western Rajasthan.
Forest Soils
- These soils are found in hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rainforests are available.
- They are loamy and silty on valley sides and coarse-grained on the upper slopes.
- In the snow-covered areas of the Himalayas, these soils experience denudation and are acidic with low humus content.
- The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys, particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.
Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation
- Soil Erosion – The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion. It is a process in which the top fertile layer of soil is lost.
- The wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.
- Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
- The Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.
- The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies.
- Soil Conservation – It refers to the methods involved in preventing soil erosion, denudation, degradation, and pollution.
Sustainable development
- Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.’
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit,
- 1992 In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International Earth Summit. The Summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level. The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity. The Rio Convention endorsed the global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century.
Agenda 21
It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It aims at achieving global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, and disease through global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs, and shared responsibilities. One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.
FAQ
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 – Resources and Development
The solutions for Chapter 1 – Resources and Development are given below. Students should also check NCERT Solutions for Class 10 for other subjects.
Exercise Page No. 12
- Multiple choice questions.
(i) Which one of the following types of resource is iron ore?
- Renewable
- Biotic
- flow
- Non-renewable
Answer: Non-renewable
(ii) Under which of the following type of resources tidal energy cannot be put?
- Replenishable
- Human-made
- Abiotic
- non-recyclable
Answer: Replenishable
(iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
- Intensive cultivation
- Deforestation
- Over-irrigation
- Overgrazing
Answer: Over-irrigation
(iv) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practiced?
- Punjab
- Plains of Uttar Pradesh
- Haryana
- Uttarakhand
Answer: Uttarakhand
(v) In which of the following states is black soil predominantly found?
- Jammu and Kashmir
- Maharashtra
- Rajasthan
- Jharkhand
Answer: Maharashtra
- Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
Answer: 3 states are
- Maharashtra
- Gujarat
- Madhya Pradesh
The crop grown is cotton.
(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Answer:
- The type of soil found in river deltas is Alluvial Soil.
- It is very fertile and, therefore, good for the cultivation of crops.
- It consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay.
- Alluvial soil has a good quantity of potash, lime, and phosphoric acid, which is good for the growth of paddy and sugarcane.
(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Answer: The main techniques that can be used are given below.
- contour plowing
- terrace farming
- Strips of grass are allowed to grow between the crops. This method is known as strip cropping.
(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.
Answer:
- Biotic resources: These are resources that are obtained from the biosphere. These resources have life Examples are plants, animals, fish, human beings, livestock etc.
- Abiotic resources: These resources are composed of non-living things. Examples are water, minerals, metals, wind, solar energy, etc.
- Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Explain the land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61.
Answer: The use of land is determined both by physical factors, such as topography, climate, and soil types, as well as by human factors, such as population density, technological capability, culture, traditions, etc. The pattern of the net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. It is over 80 percent of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10 percent in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, and Andaman Nicobar Islands. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33 percent of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952). It was considered essential for the maintenance of the ecological balance. A part of the land is termed a wasteland, and it is put to other non-agricultural uses like settlements, roads, railways, industry, etc. It includes rocky, arid, and desert areas. Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it has resulted in land degradation.
(ii) How has technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Answer: There are various reasons for this.
- Large-scale production led to over-utilization of resources.
- Technological advancement led to greater exploitation of resources.
- Improved medical and health resources led to huge consumption of resources.
- Resources and Development Summary
- The students will get to know about the following topics:
Types of Resources
- On the basis of origin – Biotic and Abiotic resources;
- On the basis of exhaustibility – Renewable resources and non-renewable resources
- On the basis of ownership – Individual, community, national and international resources
- On the basis of status development – Potential resources and Developed Resources
Development of Resources
- Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit
- agenda 21
- resource planning
- Conservation of Resources
- land use
- Land use pattern in India
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